All Known Essential Vitamins

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Vitamins are a group of substances that are needed for normal cell function, growth, and development. There are 13 essential vitamins:

Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, 4 carotenoids)
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Vitamin D (D3 - Cholecalciferol, D2 - Ergocalciferol)
Vitamin E (tocopherols, tocotrienols)
Vitamin K (phylloquinone, menaquinones)
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Vitamin B3 (niacin)
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine)
Vitamin B7 (biotin)
Vitamin B9 (folic acid)
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body's fatty tissue: vitamins A, D, E, K.

Water-soluble vitamins - the body must use almost all water-soluble vitamins right away - vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9 and C.
Vitamin B12 is the only water-soluble vitamin that can be stored in the liver for many years.

: © Lena Nechet; Parent Category: Data; Category: Definitions; Last Updated: 23 October 2016

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Anatole France

Until one has loved an animal, a part of one's soul remains unawakened.

Declaration on Consciousness

On July 7, 2012, a prominent international group of scientists - cognitive neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, neurophysiologists, neuroanatomists and computational neuroscientists - gathered at The University of Cambridge to reassess the neurobiological substrates of conscious experience and related behaviors in human and non-human animals.

The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness:

The absence of a neocortex does not appear to preclude an organism from experiencing affective states. Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals have the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological substrates of conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit intentional behaviors. Consequently, the weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness. Nonhuman animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates.

Animals

Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (or Metazoa). All animals can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs: they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance.

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